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Xref: bloom-picayune.mit.edu comp.lang.objective-c:1010 news.answers:4553
Path: bloom-picayune.mit.edu!enterpoop.mit.edu!spool.mu.edu!olivea!sun-barr!cs.utexas.edu!bcm!aio!fdr!shirley
From: shirley@fdr.uucp (Bill Shirley [CSC])
Newsgroups: comp.lang.objective-c,news.answers
Subject: Objective-C Frequently Asked Questions
Summary: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions asked about the Objective-C
programming language, an Object Oriented extension to the C.
Please read this before posting to comp.lang.objective-c.
Message-ID: <objc_724237201@fdr.jsc.nasa.edu>
Date: 13 Dec 92 09:00:31 GMT
Expires: 26 Jan 1993 09:00:01 GMT
Sender: news@aio.jsc.nasa.gov (USENET News System)
Followup-To: comp.lang.objective-c
Organization: nasa-jsc
Lines: 331
Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu
Supersedes: <objc_721077644@fdr.jsc.nasa.edu>
Archive-name: Objective-C/faq
Last-modified: 1992/10/09
Version: 1.0
Answers to
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
concerning
Objective-C
Clarification: I have used the word `ObjC' for `Objective-C', the proper
and official name for the language discussed within, throughout
this file. Is is simply a time and space saver.
Questions & Answers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Q1. What is Objective-C?
A1. An object oriented (OO) computer language based on the C language and
influenced by SmallTalk. It was designed by The Stepstone Corp. (and
is a Trademark of Stepstone) and includes many of the OO things that
make Smalltalk the "language to learn OOP with", and many of the
great things about C that make it highly portable and very optimizable.
It is NOT C++.
Q2. Who makes an Objective-C compiler, what does it cost, how do I order?
A2.1 The Stepstone Corporation
(203) 426-1875 - (800) BUY-OBJEct voice / (203) 270-0106 fax
75 Glen Road
Sandy Hook, CT 06482
compilers and runtime
IBM RISC System/6000 w/ AIX
Sun 3, 4, SPARCstations w/ SunOS
HP9000/300,400,700,800 w/ HP-UX
DEC Stations w/ ULTRIX
Data General AViiON w/ DG/UX
SCO UNIX SYS V
PS/2 w/ AIX or OS/2
PC-AT w/ MS-DOS
VAX w/ VMS
MIPS
NeXT
Macs with MPW (Mac Programmers Workshop)
class libraries available for a subset of the above
A2.2 NeXT, Inc.
Comes bundled with the extended OS release.
(NeXTSTEP 3.0 - $295 on CD ROM) shipped Sept 92
(NeXTSTEP '486 - $995) intended Q4 92
A2.3 GNU Project
Freely available
GNU Experimental Tape
GCC 2 (the GNU C/C++/ObjC Compiler with many new
features - doesn't include runtime - yet)
prep.ai.mit.edu (18.71.0.38) pub/gnu/gcc-2.0.tar.Z
(See sites at end of file)
Q3. Does GNU's gcc `do' Objective-C?
A3. Didn't you read the above answer: It does as of release 2.0,
but does not initially include the runtime system required
to use ObjC. A runtime has been completed and donated to
the project. It is currently (Sept 92) undergoing testing
and some rewriting.
Reports are: On the NeXT, which has a runtime system, programs
compiled with gcc 2.0 (as available on the net) run when linked
to NeXT's runtime library.
A runtime has been completed and donated to the project. It is
currently (Sept 92) undergoing testing and some rewriting.
A group has formed to help develop a library of Objective-C
classes to be distributed freely by the GNU project.
Q4. What books concerning Objective-C are available?
A4.1
Object Oriented Programming: An Evolutionary Approach
Author: Brad J. Cox (, Andrew J. Novobilski second edition)
Publisher: Addison-Wesley
ISBN#: 0-201-10393-1 August, 1986
ISBN#: 0-201-54834-8 1991
two editions
A4.2
Objective-C: Object Oriented Programming Techniques
Authors: Lewis J. Pinson, Richard S. Wiener
Publisher: Addison-Wesley, 1991
ISBN#: 0-201-50828-1
Abstract: Includes many examples, discusses both Stepstone's
and NeXT's versions of Objective-C, and the (minor)
differences between the two.
A4.3
An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming
Author: Timothy Budd
Publisher: Addison-Wesley
ISBN#: 0-201-54709-0
Abstract: An intro to the topic of OOP, as well as a comparison
of C++, Objective-C, Smalltalk, and Object Pascal
A4.4
NeXTSTEP Programming Step 1: Object-oriented applications
Availablility: Fall, 1992
Authors: Simson L. Garfinkel, Michael K. Mahoney
Publisher: Springer-Verlag, 1992 (800)SPR-INGE
Abstract: It's updated to discuss NeXTSTEP 3.0 features
(Project Builder, new development environment)
but doesn't discuss 3DKit or DBKit
Q5. What is the difference between Objective-C and C?
A5. ObjC is a superset of the ANSI C standard. It is an object oriented
language that has extensions similar to Smalltalk applied to C.
It includes a few more key words and constructs.
New Keywords:
@interface
@implementation
@public
@selector
Constructs:
[instance method: param]; <- sending a message to an instance
Types:
id - basically a generic pointer to an object
[****************]
Q6. What is the difference between Objective C and C++?
A6. C++ has operator overloading, ObjC doesn't. Some consider this
to be 'syntactic sugar', and it is, but it can be a quite
handy bit of syntactic sugar.
C++ has multiple inheritance, ObjC doesn't. There is much
debate over the desirability and value of this. There are
several ways to 'get around' this in ObjC.
The run-time binding mechanism differ quite a bit in their functionality.
(Details?? [***])
Q7. What is the difference between NeXT's, Stepstone's and GNU's
versions of Objective C?
A7. NeXT has defined and distributed its own class libraries, which
are very integral to the NeXTstep environment.
NeXT also extended Stepstones definition of the language to include
new constructs, such as protocols, which are touted to deal with
some aspects of multiple inheritance.
NeXT's implementation does *not* support static binding, Stepstone's
does, and GNU's (does?/doesn't?).
Stepstone has a standard set of class libraries that work across
all supported machines.
GNU gcc (C/C++/ObjC) does not have a runtime system for
resolving message passing, or include any classes. (yet)
The Object (root) class of NeXT's and Stepstone's are slightly
different; there are several Object methods and runtime C
functions that are not part of Stepstone's.
NeXT (and GNU?) supports Categories, Stepstone doesn't.
NeXT has a native language debugger, Stepstone and GNU don't.
NeXT (3.0) supports Protocols and forward declarations of classes,
Stepstone (does/n't?), GNU (does/n't?).
[****************]
Q8. What are some of the common problems of the language and how can
I work around them? (forward declarations of classes, class variables)
A8.1 There is no innate multiple inheritance (of course some see this as a
benefit).
To get around it you can create a compound class ( a class with
instance variables that are /id/s of other objects. They can
specifically redirect messages to any combination of the
objects they are compounded of. (It isn't *that* much of a
hassle and you have direct control over the inheritance
logistics)
Protocols address this to some extent. [***]
[** how does Delegation fit in here? **]
A8.2 ObjC has no class variables.
You can get around this by defining a static variable in the .m
file, and defining access methods for it. This is actually a
more desirable way of designing a class hierarchy, because it
allows subclasses shouldn't access superclass storage (this would
cause the subclass to break if the superclass was reimplemented),
and allows the subclass to override the storage (if the classes
access all their own variables via methods)
A8.3 problem X [****************]
Q9. What class libraries are available for Objective C?
A9. See the related FAQ file - _Objective C - a matter of Class_
Q10. Are there any FTP sites with Objective C code? Where?
A10. Yes.
There are NeXT related sites at
sonata.cc.purdue.edu
cs.orst.edu
And non-NeXT related sites at
?
Q11. I'm an emacs junkie. Are there any .el files somewhere to support
Objective-C?
A11. Yes. Try sonata.cc.purdue.edu /pub/next/misc/objc.tar.Z
Q12. So show me a program, a simple example.
A12. See the companion file "A S[ia]mple Objective-C Program" or get
all of the code from music.sie.arizona.edu:pub/ObjC/Sample.tar.Z
Q13. What are Protocols?
A13. Protocols are an addition to (currently only NeXT's 3.0+ version of)
ObjC that allow you to organize related methods into groups
that form high-level behaviors. This gives library builders
a tool to identify sets of standard protocols, independent of
the class hierarchy. Protocols provide language support for
the reuse of design, whereas classes support the reuse of code.
Well designed protocols can help users of an application
framework when learning or designing new classes. Here is a
simple protocol definition for archiving objects:
@protocol Archiving
- read:(NXTypedStream *)stream;
- write:(NXTypedStream *)stream;
@end
Once defined, protocols can be referenced in a class interface
as follows:
// MyClass inherits from Object and
// conforms to the Archiving protocol
@interface MyClass : Object <Archiving>
@end
Unlike copying methods to/from other class interfaces, any
incompatible change made to the protocol will immediately be
recognized by the compiler (the next time the class is
compiled). Protocols also provide better type checking without
compromising the flexibility of untyped, dynamically bound objects.
MyClass *obj1 = [MyClass new];
// legal, obj2 conforms to the Archiving protocol.
id <Archiving> obj2 = obj1;
// illegal, obj1 does not conform to the TargetAction
// protocol.
id <TargetAction> obj3 = obj1;
Terminology
~~~~~~~~~~~
C: A programming language.
FTP: File Transfer Protocol.
GNU: A project making freely available software.
message: A "call" to an implementation of a method
method: An implementation of an ObjC "function"
factory method: A method which creates a new instance of a class
class method: A method which acts on or with the whole of a class rather
than an instance of a class. Often used interchangeably
with _factory method_, but there is a subtle difference.
instance method:A method witch acts on or with a specific instance of a
class.
OOP: Object Oriented Programming
ObjC: An abbreviation of Objective-C
Object: The base {class} of Objective-C.
Objective-C: An Object Oriented programming language extended from
the C language, and what this whole file is about.
It is also a registered trademark of The Stepstone
Corporation.
---
All [**********] designate incompleteness of the FAQ. If you have any
questions, corrections, comment, suggestions pass them along. I can be
reached directly at <shirley@fdr.jsc.nasa.gov> or you can post to
the news group (comp.lang.objective-c).
Disclaimer: I am not related to any company or group mentioned above.
This file was created to provide information to interested people, and
not advertizing for anything listed above.
gnu ftp site, prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/etc/DISTRIB
(prep UK/Europe mirror) src.doc.ic.ac.uk (???)
(prep Netherlands mirror) ftp.win.tue.nl (131.155.70.100)
(prep UK mirror) src.doc.ic.ac.uk (146.169.3.7)
(prep Japan mirror) utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.11.11)
(Australian site) archie.au (IP number may change)
My list of thanks has gotten a bit long, so instead of leaving
anyone out, I'll just say thanks to all who have given feedback.
This information is what YOU make it.
---
--
Bill Shirley
shirley@fdr.jsc.nasa.gov
--
``One lonesome body, Bill Shirley
one lonesome song. shirley@fdr.jsc.nasa.gov
No lonesome body,
no lonesome song.'' - throwing muses